我国自然保护区有效管理考核评估制度及其运作的探讨

通过对建立自然保护区有效管理考核评估制度的必要性、实践意义和可行性分析,阐述了自然保护区有效管理考核评估制度的基本框架,探讨了该制度实际运作的具体方式,以期促进自然保护区形成以考核与评估为核心的激励机制,切实提高有效管理水平。     

浑善达克沙地荒漠化指标评价的研究

土地荒漠化评价是荒漠化研究中的重要问题。本文以浑善达克沙地为研究对象，采用实地调查和室内分析的研究方法，提出了该地区土地荒漠化评价体系确定的原则，并通过分析和筛选，选择出能够显著评价该地区土地荒漠化状况的3个指标，从而建立了浑善达克沙地土地荒漠化的评价指标体系。针对该地区土地景观生态系统的复杂性和模糊性，运用模糊综合评判的方法对所获得的数据进行了定量分析，从而验证了该评价指标体系与实际调查情况基本相符。     

肉牛场生命周期估计及环境影响评价

试验采用生命周期估计(life cycle assessment,LCA)方法对江西高安某存栏1 800头的肉牛育肥场在整个育肥期间(7个月)的污染物排放量,以及污染物在全球变暖、环境酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧合成方面对环境的影响进行了评估。系统边界包括化肥生产、农作物种植、饲料运输、肉牛生产和粪便处理。结果表明:温室气体排放量为(以CO2当量计)为11 908t,环境酸化气体排放量(以SO2当量计)为84.6t,富营养化气体排放量为(以PO43-当量计)为14.4t,光化学臭氧合成问题气体排放量为(以C2H4当量计)为1.68t。其中饲料运输主要影响全球变暖(占总排放量的49.8%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的54.1%),而粪便处理主要影响环境酸化(占总排放量的70.1%)和富营养化(占总排放量的76.4%),肉牛生产对环境的影响主要是全球变暖(占总排放量的18.1%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的30.9%)。因此,可考虑通过降低运输距离,改善饲料配方、粪便处理方式等降低污染物排放量。     

兼顾面积属性与不确定性信息的样本点权重调整方法

样本点权重调整是遥感分类精度评价中样本点空间分配的关键环节。以北京市顺义区精度评价样本点为例,提出了一种兼顾面积属性与不确定性信息的样本点权重调整方法——模糊调整权重法,用于布设精度评价样本点。首先,构建用于表达不确定性信息的模糊中和指数及其权重,融合模糊中和指数权重和面积权重构建模糊调整权重,并计算各个分层的模糊调整权重结果,完成样本点特征空间分配;其次,设置不同梯度样本点集,结合平均最短距离最小化准则和空间模拟退火算法实现样本点地理空间优化布设;最后,构建权重调整效果评价指标,进行模糊调整权重效果评价,并与其他权重调整方法和未进行权重调整的布点方法进行对比分析。结果表明：顺义区不确定性大、中、小的层模糊调整权重分别为0.45、0.37、0.18,与面积权重相比,不确定性大的层权重显著增加、中层权重稍微增加、小层权重明显降低;5个不同数据集样本点权重调整的精度评价总体精度、相对精度、均方根误差和标准偏差结果分别为69.90%～73.48%、96.28%～99.82%、0.01和0.01;模糊调整权重布点方法评价效果优于面积权重、模糊中和指数权重、不确定性空间分层权重布点方法,以及空间...     

Accounting for uncertainty in pedotransfer functions in vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater

A simulation tool for site-specific vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater was developed, based on the pesticide fate and transport model MACRO, parameterized using pedotransfer functions and reasonable worst-case parameter values. The effects of uncertainty in the pedotransfer functions on simulation results were examined for 48 combinations of soils, pesticides and application timings, by sampling pedotransfer function regression errors and propagating them through the simulation model in a Monte Carlo analysis. An uncertainty factor, f(u), was derived, defined as the ratio between the concentration simulated with no errors, c(sim), and the 80th percentile concentration for the scenario. The pedotransfer function errors caused a large variation in simulation results, with f(u) ranging from 1.14 to 1440, with a median of 2.8. A non-linear relationship was found between f(u) and c(sim), which can be used to account for parameter uncertainty by correcting the simulated concentration, c(sim), to an estimated 80th percentile value. For fine-textured soils, the predictions were most sensitive to errors in the pedotransfer functions for two parameters regulating macropore flow (the saturated matrix hydraulic conductivity, K(b), and the effective diffusion pathlength, d) and two water retention function parameters (van Genuchten's N and alpha parameters). For coarse-textured soils, the model was also sensitive to errors in the exponent in the degradation water response function and the dispersivity, in addition to K(b), but showed little sensitivity to d. To reduce uncertainty in model predictions, improved pedotransfer functions for K(b), d, N and alpha would therefore be most useful.     

Characterization of aerosols containing microcystin

Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in both freshwater and brackish water sources throughout the world. One class of cyanobacterial toxins, called microcystins, is cyclic peptides. In addition to ingestion and dermal, inhalation is a likely route of human exposure. A significant increase in reporting of minor symptoms, particularly respiratory symptoms was associated with exposure to higher levels of cyanobacteria during recreational activities. Algae cells, bacteria, and waterborne toxins can be aerosolized by a bubble-bursting process with a wind-driven white-capped wave mechanism. The purposes of this study were to: evaluate sampling and analysis techniques for microcystin aerosol, produce aerosol droplets containing microcystin in the laboratory, and deploy the sampling instruments in field studies. A high-volume impactor and an IOM filter sampler were tried first in the laboratory to collect droplets containing microcystins. Samples were extracted and analyzed for microcystin using an ELISA method. The laboratory study showed that cyanotoxins in water could be transferred to air via a bubble-bursting process. The droplets containing microcystins showed a bimodal size distribution with the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.4 and 27.8 mum. The sampling and analysis methods were successfully used in a pilot field study to measure microcystin aerosol in situ.     

Public safety aspects of pyrethroid insecticides used in West Nile virus-carrying mosquito control

West Nile virus is becoming increasingly prevalent in the USA, causing fever, encephalitis, meningitis and many fatalities. Spread of the disease is reduced by controlling the mosquito vectors by a variety of means, including the use of pyrethroid insecticides, which are currently under scrutiny for potential carcinogenic effects in humans. Pyrethrins and resmethrin, a pyrethroid, have been shown to cause tumours in rat and mouse models respectively. However, the tumours appear to be caused by liver enzyme induction and hypertrophy rather than genotoxicity, and the results are therefore unlikely to be applicable to humans. Nonetheless, for resmethrin, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded that there is a likely risk of carcinogenicity in humans, requiring the manufacturers to provide more detailed data to prove that it can be used safely in vector control. Reproductive toxicity of resmethrin in the rat is also discussed.     

乌兰布和绿洲区农田土壤质量评价及演化

基于乌兰布和绿洲区开垦13～38 a 6类农田,测试0～20 cm土层24个土壤指标,利用因子分析法和模糊数学原理进行土壤质量综合评价和演化趋势研究。表明：因子分析法筛出17个评价指标(速效氮、有效性钾、速效钾、蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、有机质、CEC、<0.01mm微团聚体、pH、物理性粘粒、蛋白酶、全钾、速效磷、真菌、纤维素酶和放线菌)对土壤质量指数(SQI)贡献可解释85.2%的信息量,评价结果具有高度代表性和可检验性,并建立SQI与17个指标间的演算模型。各农田SQI在0.20～0.62间,差异显著;各农田SQI高出对照1.5～2.2倍,SQI普遍得以提高;83%的样点SQI<0.5,SQI整体较低(均值0.41)。绿洲农田形成近40 a来,SQI随耕种年限呈前增后降的缓变极显著演化趋势,临界年是第30年,但经营38 a后SQI整体仍略高于耕种13 a农田。建议均衡施肥,以有机肥或有机肥+NP为主,少量补K,条件许可时种植固氮牧草休耕养地。     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定蔬菜甲醛含量及风险评估

【目的】建立蔬菜中甲醛含量测定的快速方法,明确蔬菜中甲醛的残留情况,掌握蔬菜中甲醛含量对人群的膳食暴露风险。【方法】采用单因素试验优化关键实验条件,建立蔬菜中甲醛含量测定的乙酰丙酮分光光度法,分析 383 个蔬菜样品中的甲醛含量,利用点评估的方法结合膳食数据对蔬菜中甲醛的暴露风险进行评估。【结果】乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定蔬菜中甲醛含量的检出限和定量限分别为 0.45、1.5 mg/kg,在 1.5、7.5、15 mg/kg 添加水平下,回收率在 86.33%~92.40%,相对标准偏差为 2.23%~4.21%;不同蔬菜中甲醛的检出率为5.00%~72.73%,总检出率为 26.37%,不同蔬菜的检出平均值在 0.47~1.67 mg/kg;不同蔬菜中甲醛含量对一般人群的膳食暴露水平为 0.0019~0.068 mg/kg (bw/d),安全限值（MOS）为 14.1~289.8,蔬菜中甲醛含量对不同人群的膳食暴露水平为 0.0060~0.15 mg/kg (bw/d),MOS 在 10.1~33.3,所有评估的 MOS 均大于 1。【结论】乙酰丙酮分光光度法能快速测定蔬菜中的甲醛含量,方法操作简便,灵敏度高;蔬菜中甲醛残留量的膳食摄入风险较低,在可接受范围内。     

柑橘中除虫脲的残留及膳食安全风险评估

2018年,在湖南的长沙和张家界、浙江兰溪等12个地点开展除虫脲的最终残留试验,并在湖南长沙、江西高安、广西南宁、福建漳州等4地进行除虫脲的残留消解动态试验,采用高效液相色谱–串联质谱法(HPLC–MS/MS)测定除虫脲在柑橘全果和果肉中的残留量,并进行除虫脲的膳食安全风险评估。柑橘样品先采用乙腈超声提取,再经PSA和无水硫酸镁净化,最后用HPLC–MS/MS分析测定,外标法定量,柑橘全果和果肉中除虫脲的添加水平为0.01、0.10、1.00、5.00 mg/kg时,平均回收率分别为89%~102%和76%~99%,相对标准偏差分别为7%~11%和8%~9%;除虫脲在柑橘全果和果肉中的定量限均为0.01 mg/kg;除虫脲在柑橘全果和果肉中的残留量随着时间的推移呈波动性缓慢下降,其消解半衰期分别为13.0~18.0 d和9.6~34.0 d;质量分数25%除虫脲可湿性粉剂在柑橘上以125 mg/kg(制剂用量为2000倍液)施药3次,施药间隔7 d,于末次施药后第35天采样测定,除虫脲在柑橘全果和果肉中的残留量分别为＜0.01~0.55 mg/kg和＜0.01~0.93 mg/kg,除虫脲在柑橘中的残留量均小于中国规定的最大残留限量值(1 mg/kg);膳食安全风险评估结果显示,普通人群中除虫脲的国家估算每日摄入量为0.651 2 mg(柑橘全果)、0.644 4 mg(柑橘果肉),风险商为51.7%(柑橘全果)、51.1%(柑橘果肉),对一般人群健康产生的风险较低。